The ancient birchwoods of the Scottish Highlands provides some unique habitats for saproxylic Diptera. Species such as Stegana coleptrata live under the outer bark layers of fallen birch whilst other species such as Lonchaea ragnari and several species of Clusiidae live in the soft, decaying heartwood of fungus infected fallen trees. Such old birchwoods are also important for beetles including several species of longhorns, Bolitophagus reticulatus which lives in bracket fungi, and several species which also live in the soft decaying sapwood.